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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
Published on: January 27, 2019
Microbiota-Derived Regulation of AhR and VDR Signaling in Intestinal Inflammation: Protective Roles of Prebiotics,
1Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Microbiota-derived indoles and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) modulate intestinal immunity via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR). This review proposes an operational AhR-VDR axis-three testable models (sequential, parallel, reciprocal)-to explain how indoles (AhR) and SCFAs/vitamin D (VDR) may cooperate to drive IL-22-mediated repair, antimicrobial peptide production, autophagy, and tight-junction restoration. We critically evaluate prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics: prebiotics shift fermentation toward SCFAs but show context-dependent effects; probiotics can supply indole-type AhR ligands yet are strain-specific; postbiotics offer standardized ligand delivery but face formulation challenges. We distinguish Salmonella-specific findings (e.g., SCFA suppression of SPI-1) from general colitis data and prioritize molecular validation, temporal mapping, multi-omics responder stratification, and standardized postbiotic development for clinical translation.
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