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Microbiome Signatures in Advanced Gastric Cancer: Emerging Biomarkers for Risk Stratification, Therapy Guidance, and

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The gut microbiome influences gastric cancer (GC) progression and treatment response. Targeting microbial dysbiosis offers potential for novel biomarkers and personalized therapies to improve patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Oncology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Gastric cancer (GC) diagnosis at advanced stages presents a major clinical challenge.
  • Gut microbiome dysbiosis is increasingly linked to GC initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes.
  • Novel biomarkers are needed for early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment of GC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of the advanced/metastatic gastric microbiome as a source of diagnostic and targetable biomarkers.
  • To explore the role of the microbiome in modulating immunotherapy responses in GC.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for clinical translation of microbiome-based strategies in GC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the gut microbiome in gastric cancer.
  • Analysis of the association between microbial dysbiosis and GC development and progression.
  • Evaluation of the impact of specific bacteria (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Fusobacterium nucleatum) on GC.
  • Assessment of the role of probiotics (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) in modulating immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Microbial dysbiosis contributes to chronic inflammation and immune evasion in GC.
  • Specific gut taxa, including Helicobacter pylori and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are implicated in advanced GC.
  • Certain probiotics show potential to enhance immunotherapy by influencing dendritic cell and cytotoxic T cell activity.
  • Methodological heterogeneity and lack of clinical trials impede clinical translation.

Conclusions:

  • The advanced/metastatic gastric microbiome holds promise as a source of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
  • Microbiome profiling and modulation strategies (e.g., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) may improve GC management.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary to validate microbiome-based interventions and overcome translation barriers.