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Related Concept Videos

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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The Behavioral Perspective on Personality01:19

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Behaviorists view personality as primarily shaped by environmental reinforcements and consequences. According to this perspective, behavior is influenced by external stimuli, and individuals adjust their actions based on rewards and punishments. Over time, learning histories — accumulated patterns of reinforcement — play a significant role in shaping personality. Behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those resulting in negative outcomes are diminished.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells
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Rare, Yet Targetable: New Perspectives on Ampullary Carcinomas.

James Gutmans1, Alex Friedlaender2, Hiba Mechahougui1

  • 1Oncology Department, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ampullary carcinoma (AC) care should prioritize lineage at diagnosis and mutations at progression. This approach guides treatment for this rare gastrointestinal cancer, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
ampullary carcinomaintestinal subtypeliquid biopsynext-generation sequencingpancreatobiliary subtypeprecision oncologyrare cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ampullary carcinoma (AC) presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its dual intestinal and pancreatobiliary differentiation.
  • Current management strategies require refinement to incorporate advanced molecular insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current epidemiology, pathology, and multi-omic data for ampullary carcinoma.
  • To propose a pragmatic, precision-driven care pathway for AC management.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of epidemiological, pathological, and multi-omic data.
  • Analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS) findings, including targeted panels and comprehensive profiling.
  • Evaluation of liquid biopsy utility (ctDNA, bile-derived DNA).

Main Results:

  • Histology (intestinal vs. pancreatobiliary) dictates initial treatment strategy.
  • NGS identifies actionable alterations (ERBB2/HER2, MSI/dMMR, BRAF V600E, NTRK/RET fusions, KRAS mutations).
  • A rapid-core panel is recommended for initial high-impact targets, with comprehensive profiling at progression.

Conclusions:

  • A 'lineage-first, mutation-fast' paradigm optimizes precision care for AC.
  • Liquid biopsies can complement tissue analysis for lineage determination.
  • Future research should focus on AC-specific trials and ctDNA-informed endpoints.