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Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

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Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

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The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
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SN2 Reaction: Transition State02:26

SN2 Reaction: Transition State

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An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
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Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
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Host Glycan-Lectin Interplay in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Hyeseong Oh1, Vu Thi Thuy Tien1, Showkot Ahmed1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details how SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins use host glycans, like blood antigens and sialic acids, for viral entry. Understanding these glycan interactions is key to developing new antiviral strategies.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2glycan-mediated viral entryheparan sulfatehost–virus interactionslectinssialic acidspike glycoprotein

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Glycobiology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Glycan-mediated processes are vital for viral attachment and entry, but their exact roles in enveloped RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2 are not fully understood.
  • The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein's interactions with host glycans are crucial for viral pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on glycan engagement during SARS-CoV-2 attachment and entry.
  • To explore how the spike protein utilizes host glycans and lectin receptors to enhance viral entry and modulate tropism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing structural, functional, and virological data.
  • Comparative analysis of glycan dependencies across various human viruses (e.g., influenza, HIV, norovirus).

Main Results:

  • The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with host glycans, including ABO(H) blood group antigens and sialylated glycans.
  • These interactions, along with endogenous lectin recognition, facilitate viral attachment, cellular uptake, and host tropism modulation.
  • Comparative analysis reveals conserved and distinct glycan exploitation strategies among enveloped viruses.

Conclusions:

  • Host glycans play a significant role in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2.
  • Understanding these glycan-host interactions provides evolutionary insights into enveloped virus pathogenesis.
  • This knowledge can inform the development of novel antiviral therapeutics targeting glycan-mediated entry pathways.