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Long-Term Biochar Application Enhances Carbon-Phosphorus Costabilization and Mitigates Methane Emissions in Flooded

Hao Chen1, Jiahui Xu1,2, Jiahui Yuan1

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|February 13, 2026
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Summary

Long-term biochar application in flooded rice systems improves nutrient retention and significantly reduces methane (CH4) emissions. This climate-smart amendment enhances soil organic carbon (SOC) and phosphorus (P) stability, offering a sustainable solution for rice cultivation.

Keywords:
OC-mineral-P complexescalcium bridgingclimate-smart agriculturelong-term field biocharmethane mitigationpaddy soilsphosphorus retention

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Biochar is promoted for climate benefits in agriculture, but its long-term impact on nutrient dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions in flooded rice systems is not well understood.
  • Flooded rice systems are significant sources of methane (CH4) and nutrient loss, impacting both productivity and climate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term effects of biochar on soil organic carbon (SOC), phosphorus (P), and methane (CH4) dynamics in flooded rice systems.
  • To understand the role of mineral and microbial processes in regulating these dynamics under sustained biochar application.

Main Methods:

  • A 13-year field trial with varying straw biochar application rates (0-22.5 t ha-1 season-1).
  • A 60-day anaerobic incubation of soils from the 13th year of the trial.
  • Analysis of mineral composition, SOC, P dynamics, CH4 emissions, and microbial communities using nanoscale imaging and profiling.

Main Results:

  • Long-term biochar application led to depletion of Fe oxides and enrichment of Ca phases, forming stable Ca-bridged OC-mineral-P complexes.
  • High biochar rates significantly slowed Fe(III) and sulfate reduction under anoxia, reducing CH4 emissions by 53-80% and P release by 60-71%.
  • Shift in organo-mineral complexes and microbial communities suppressed methanogenesis and enhanced nutrient retention.

Conclusions:

  • Biochar application over 13 years sustainably enhances soil organic carbon and phosphorus retention in flooded rice systems.
  • Biochar mitigates methane (CH4) emissions by altering soil redox processes and microbial activity.
  • Biochar presents a scalable, nature-based strategy for integrated nutrient management and climate change mitigation in global rice production.