[How do I explore… a dystonia in 2026]

The term «dystonia» is often used imprecisely to describe a variety of conditions involving hypertonia or other alterations in muscle tone. In fact, dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder, typically resulting from dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and has its own specific definition. It is characterised by repetitive muscle contractions, leading to abnormal involuntary postures or movements. Various presentations are observed depending on the topography and aetiology of the disease. In addition to a careful phenomenological analysis, diagnosis often requires genetic testing, which can sometimes lead to specific therapeutic options and genetic counselling. Treatments include botulinum toxin injections and deep brain stimulation, while the effectiveness of oral medications remains limited. This article provides an overview of the recommended investigations for dystonia, considering current reimbursement policies and the availability of equipment in Belgium.