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Correction: ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2026: Early markers of mechanical modulation in whole bovine intervertebral discs loaded in a multiaxial bioreactor.

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Complex spinal loading in bioreactors damages intervertebral discs, causing outer structural failure and inner cell death. Asymmetrical, frequent motion exacerbates degeneration, highlighting the need for targeted therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Spinal Biomechanics
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Next-generation bioreactors enable advanced simulation of spinal mechanics in ex vivo intervertebral disc models.
  • Understanding detrimental spinal mechanics is crucial for studying disc degeneration.
  • This study focused on intervertebral disc responses to combined flexion, torsion, and static compression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate intervertebral disc responses to combined flexion, torsion, and static compression.
  • To identify loading conditions that contribute to disc degeneration under complex motion.
  • To evaluate the impact of different loading frequencies, magnitudes, and patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve bovine coccygeal intervertebral discs were subjected to three distinct loading regimes over 14 days.
  • Static compression (0.1 MPa) was combined with symmetrical or asymmetrical flexion/torsion at varying frequencies and durations.
  • Evaluations included histology, biochemical assays, and gene expression analysis to assess structural integrity, cell viability, and molecular responses.

Main Results:

  • Lower-cycle symmetrical loading preserved disc structure and cell viability.
  • Higher cycle numbers and asymmetrical loading induced significant fissures in the outer annulus fibrosus (AF) and delamination on the compressed side.
  • Structural damage in the outer AF occurred with high cell viability, while inner AF and nucleus pulposus showed significantly reduced viability.

Conclusions:

  • Asymmetrical and frequent loading caused outer structural damage and inner cell death, suggesting distinct failure mechanisms in disc degeneration.
  • Region-specific responses highlight the importance of addressing both structural integrity and cellular resilience.
  • Findings underscore the need for targeted strategies in degeneration models and therapeutic interventions.