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DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...

Chromatin Packaging

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter?
The chromatin
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Chromatin Packaging

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Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.

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Generation of rule-based matrices with the matRiks package: a tutorial.

Ottavia M Epifania^1,2,3, Andrea Brancaccio^3,4, Pasquale Anselmi³

¹Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.

Frontiers in Psychology

|February 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The new matRiks R package automatically generates Raven-like matrices using diverse rules. It also creates realistic distractors, improving cognitive assessments and research reproducibility.

Keywords:

R package fluid intelligence open-source reproducibility rule-based matrices

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Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Psychometrics
Computational neuroscience

Background:

Limited availability of automated tools for generating Raven's Progressive Matrices.
Existing resources are often outdated, difficult to customize, or lack advanced features.
Current R packages for psychological assessment stimuli have restricted capabilities for matrix generation.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the matRiks package, an R tool for the automatic generation of Raven-like matrices.
To provide a flexible and systematic framework for creating cognitively interpretable matrix reasoning tasks.
To enable precise control over matrix complexity and scalable stimulus creation.

Main Methods:

Development of the matRiks R package.
Implementation of diverse transformation rules based on visuospatial and logical features.
Integration of automatic distractor generation based on common error patterns.

Main Results:

matRiks generates matrices using various transformation rules (e.g., shape, size, orientation, set operations).
The package innovatively produces distractors mirroring typical errors in Raven's tests.
Offers control over matrix complexity and supports scalable, reproducible stimulus creation.

Conclusions:

matRiks provides a powerful, user-friendly solution for generating high-quality matrix reasoning tasks.
The package enhances research reproducibility and facilitates cognitive assessment development.
Its open-source nature and ease of use benefit researchers and practitioners with basic R knowledge.