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Is passive shoulder external range influenced by body posture or shoulder abduction angle?
K Leong1, K A Ginn1, M Halaki1
1Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Shoulder & Elbow
|February 13, 2026
Summary
Passive shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM) increases with shoulder abduction angle. ER ROM did not differ between sitting and supine positions with the arm by the side.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedics
- Sports Medicine
- Physical Therapy
Background:
- Limited passive shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM) is a diagnostic criterion for frozen shoulder.
- ER ROM is commonly assessed in sitting or supine positions.
- It remains unclear if ER ROM measurement varies with body posture or shoulder abduction angle.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate differences in passive shoulder ER ROM based on body posture and shoulder abduction angles.
- To determine the impact of measurement position on ER ROM assessment.
Main Methods:
- A repeated measures design was employed.
- Passive shoulder ER ROM was measured in eleven healthy adults (18-60 years).
- Measurements were taken in five positions: sitting (arm by side), supine (arm by side), and supine with arm abduction at 30°, 60°, and 90°.
Main Results:
- Passive shoulder ER ROM significantly increased with higher shoulder abduction angles.
- No significant difference in ER ROM was observed between sitting and supine positions when the arm was by the side.
Conclusions:
- Shoulder abduction angle significantly influences passive ER ROM measurements.
- Clinicians must consider the abduction angle during ER ROM testing for accurate diagnosis and treatment evaluation of conditions like frozen shoulder.
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