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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

17.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

23.4K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
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Crystallization-Tuned Polymeric Phase-Change Fibers with High Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability for Smart

Yanke Wang1,2, Xing Zhang3, Mengzhe Han3

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
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Researchers developed advanced phase-change fibers (PCFs) for efficient thermal energy storage. These PCFs utilize enhanced solar absorption and improved stability for smart thermal management applications.

Keywords:
encapsulation efficiencyphase‐change fibersstereocomplex crystallizationthermal management

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Phase-change fibers (PCFs) are promising for thermal energy storage but face challenges in solar energy utilization, capacity, and stability.
  • Existing PCFs often exhibit limited efficiency and durability, hindering widespread adoption in thermal management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high-performance PCFs with enhanced solar energy capture, thermal storage capacity, and stability.
  • To address limitations in current PCF technology for sustainable energy solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Coaxial microfluidic spinning was employed to precisely control fiber size and crystalline structure.
  • Stereocomplex crystallization of poly(lactic acid) isomers and incorporation of cesium tungsten oxide nanoparticles were utilized.
  • Fabrication of PCF fabrics for testing thermal storage and regulation capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high phase-change enthalpy (155.4 J/g) and encapsulation efficiency (74.4%).
  • Enhanced mechanical and barrier properties of the poly(lactic acid) sheath, improving PCF stability.
  • Improved solar energy capture, thermal conduction, and crystallinity through nanoparticle integration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PCFs demonstrate superior thermal storage and regulation performance.
  • This work presents a scalable strategy for creating high-performance PCFs for smart thermal management.
  • The advanced PCFs offer a sustainable solution for energy efficiency and thermal control.