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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
30.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii
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Charge Shift in Calcite before High-Pressure Phase Transition.

Marcin Stachowicz1, Agnieszka A Huć2,3, Tomasz Poręba4,5

  • 1Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbonate rocks like calcite undergo significant changes under high pressure, impacting the global carbon cycle. This study reveals pressure-induced electron redistribution before structural shifts, with carbon uniquely expanding under compression.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Mineral Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding carbonate rock behavior at mantle pressures is vital for global carbon cycle modeling.
  • Calcite (CaCO3) transitions from calcite-I to calcite-II around 1.6 GPa, but its electronic and chemical reactivity changes are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic and structural changes in calcite under high pressure.
  • To understand the implications for mineralogy and the carbon cycle at Earth's interior depths.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure X-ray diffraction experiments utilizing the ID27 beamline at the EBS-ESRF synchrotron.
  • Charge density analysis to determine atomic charges, basin volumes, and shapes.

Main Results:

  • Observed discontinuous charge redistribution between Ca, C, and O atoms preceding the calcite phase transition.
  • Identified negative atomic compressibility in carbon, which expands under pressure due to electron uptake.
  • Demonstrated experimental charge density methods' capability to resolve pressure-induced electron density rearrangements.

Conclusions:

  • The calcite phase transition is preceded by significant electronic rearrangements, not just structural changes.
  • Carbon's unique behavior under pressure offers new insights into deep Earth mineralogy.
  • Experimental charge density analysis provides unprecedented detail on mineral behavior under extreme conditions.