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Patellofemoral instability: Anatomy, imaging techniques, and clinically relevant measurements
Eddy D Zandee van Rilland1, Kathryn J Stevens2, Wanat Wudhikulprapan3
1Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. ezandee@stanford.edu.
Skeletal Radiology
|February 13, 2026
Summary
Early recognition of patellofemoral (PF) joint instability is crucial for preserving knee function. Imaging and quantitative measurements help identify risk factors and guide treatment for anterior knee pain.
Area of Science:
- Orthopedics
- Radiology
- Biomechanics
Background:
- Patellofemoral (PF) joint disorders are common causes of anterior knee pain, especially in young, active individuals.
- Abnormal patellar tracking can lead to recurrent lateral patellar dislocation, early degenerative changes, and poor outcomes.
- Early detection of PF instability is vital for joint function preservation and long-term patient prognosis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review essential PF joint anatomy.
- To discuss current and emerging imaging techniques for PF instability evaluation.
- To highlight clinically relevant quantitative measurements for diagnosing PF instability.
Main Methods:
- Review of literature on PF joint anatomy, imaging, and biomechanics.
- Discussion of various imaging modalities used for PF joint assessment.
- Emphasis on quantitative measurements for objective evaluation of patellar alignment and tracking.
Main Results:
- Several morphological and alignment abnormalities (e.g., trochlear dysplasia, genu valgus) are identified as risk factors for PF instability.
- Imaging is essential for detecting these abnormalities and other pathologies.
- Quantitative imaging measurements provide objective data for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Conclusions:
- A standardized imaging approach is necessary for accurate PF joint evaluation.
- Objective measurements aid clinicians in diagnosing PF instability and planning treatment.
- Comprehensive imaging assessment is key to improving outcomes for patients with suspected PF instability.
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