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Mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches for postmortem interval estimation: A systematic review.

Rakshita Gautam1, Akansha Das1, Sachil Kumar1

  • 1Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics offers a sensitive method for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) by analyzing protein degradation. Further standardization and validation are needed for routine forensic application.

Keywords:
BiomarkersForensic proteomicsLC–MS/MSMass spectrometryPostmortem intervalProtein degradationTime since death

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is crucial in forensic investigations.
  • Traditional PMI methods are affected by various factors, limiting their reliability.
  • Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics offers a novel approach by analyzing time-dependent protein degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent advances in MS-based proteomic techniques for PMI estimation.
  • To identify reproducible protein biomarkers indicative of postmortem degradation.
  • To evaluate the forensic applicability of these proteomic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search (2020-2025) in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect.
  • Inclusion of original research studies using MS-based proteomics for PMI estimation.
  • Exclusion of reviews, non-English articles, and duplicates; independent data extraction.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-one studies were included (10 human, 10 animal samples).
  • Skeletal muscle, bone, liver, heart, and gingiva were common tissues analyzed.
  • Proteins like tropomyosin, GAPDH, desmin, tubulin, and eEF1A2 showed reproducible degradation patterns.
  • Various MS techniques (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, MALDI-MS) were employed.
  • Significant variability in protocols necessitates standardization.

Conclusions:

  • MS-based proteomics provides a sensitive and objective method for PMI estimation.
  • Several protein biomarkers show potential forensic utility.
  • Standardization, larger human validation studies, and multi-protein panels are required for broader forensic application.