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Delphi study to explore indicators of high functioning pain management teams.

Daniel G Rogers1, Jennifer L Snow2, Callie Rose Teufert2

  • 1VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.

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|February 13, 2026
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Summary

High-functioning pain management teams (PMTs) require clear indicators across four domains: team values, services, patient interaction, and system integration. This consensus definition aids in optimizing chronic pain care delivery.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Healthcare Systems Research
  • Team Science

Background:

  • Chronic pain management necessitates comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and multimodal strategies.
  • Implementing effective pain management teams (PMTs) varies significantly across healthcare settings.
  • The Veterans Health Administration increasingly uses PMTs of diverse structures and sizes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify indicators of high-functioning pain management teams (PMTs).
  • To work toward a consensus definition for effective PMTs in chronic pain care.
  • To explore unique considerations for pain specialists within interdisciplinary teams.

Main Methods:

  • A modified Delphi study was employed with 47 pain management experts.
  • A three-round consensus process identified key indicators.
  • Qualitative analysis categorized indicators into conceptual domains.

Main Results:

  • Forty-nine consensus indicators of high-functioning PMTs were identified.
  • Indicators were organized into four domains: Team Characteristics and Values, Team Background and Services, Clinician-Patient Interactions, and Health System Integration.
  • Exemplar indicators include mutual respect, medication management, patient communication, and facility support.

Conclusions:

  • The complexity of comprehensive pain care is reflected in the numerous indicators for high-functioning PMTs.
  • Findings build on existing interdisciplinary team literature while highlighting pain-specific considerations.
  • A framework is provided for measuring and facilitating PMT implementation across medical centers.