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Related Experiment Video

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In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays
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Assays to examine lymphocyte invasion.

Alexander A Lekan1, Rachael E Maynard1, Louis M Weiner1

  • 1Department of Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.

Methods in Cell Biology
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Studying immune cell migration is crucial for cancer immunotherapy. New 2D and 3D methods help researchers assess immune cell invasion into the tumor microenvironment (TME) to improve cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Droplet assayExtracellular matrixImmune cellsSpheroid assayTranswell invasion assayTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune cell migration is vital for fighting infections, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Effective cancer immunotherapy, particularly for solid tumors, relies on immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Current limitations in understanding immune cell invasion hinder the efficacy of cancer treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present novel 2D and 3D in vitro methods for studying immune cell migration and invasion.
  • To provide tools for better recapitulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) for human immune cell invasion studies.
  • To advance research on immune cell infiltration barriers in cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Development and adaptation of 2D and 3D in vitro models.
  • Techniques designed to assess the migratory and invasive capabilities of immune cells.
  • Focus on T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells relevant to cancer immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Established adaptable 2D and 3D methods for evaluating immune cell invasion.
  • Provided a framework for studying immune cell behavior within a simulated TME.
  • Demonstrated techniques applicable to understanding immunotherapy challenges.

Conclusions:

  • The described 2D and 3D methods are valuable for investigating immune cell invasion.
  • These techniques can aid in developing more effective cancer immunotherapies.
  • Further research into immune cell migration is essential for advancing cancer treatment.