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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice
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Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

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Deciphering hippocampal place codes in weak theta rhythms.

Gautam Agarwal1,2, Seiji Akera3, Brian Lustig4

  • 1Department of Natural Sciences, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, USA. gagarwal@scrippscollege.edu.

Nature Communications
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local field potentials (LFPs) can carry spatial information even without strong theta oscillations. An artificial neural network revealed position-tuned theta rhythms (pThetas) in rat hippocampus, suggesting new decoding principles for neural computation.

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Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Artificial Intelligence

Background:

  • Local field potentials (LFPs) are thought to reflect neural coordination, but their role in neural computation is unclear.
  • Hippocampal theta rhythms organize place cell firing for spatial navigation, but become irregular during immobility.
  • This irregularity is assumed to impair spatial information encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the assumption that irregular theta rhythms disrupt spatial information.
  • To develop a method for detecting spatial information in LFPs with weak oscillations.
  • To investigate alternative principles for decoding neural information.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an artificial neural network to identify position-tuned theta rhythms (pThetas) from LFPs.
  • Analyzed LFP recordings from male rats during navigation and immobility.
  • Compared pThetas with dominant theta rhythms and population spike codes.

Main Results:

  • The artificial neural network successfully identified pThetas from LFPs, even without strong theta oscillations.
  • pThetas were found to be distinct from the dominant theta rhythm.
  • pThetas reflected rhythmic coordination among place cell populations and carried spatial information.

Conclusions:

  • Weak and intermittent neural oscillations can convey significant spatial information.
  • Information-based decoding principles are effective for analyzing neural data with subtle oscillations.
  • This challenges traditional views on the necessity of strong oscillations for neural computation.