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Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Transfer RNA Synthesis

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

RNA Hairpin Synthesis by RNase-Catalyzed Dynamic Covalent Chemistry.

Jonas Kaltbeitzel^1,2,3, Tejaswi Senthilkumar^1,2,3, Yazhinee Sathiyamoorthy^1,2

¹School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Chembiochem : a European Journal of Chemical Biology

|February 14, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a new method for RNA assembly using dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) catalyzed by RNase T1. This approach enables precise, thermodynamically controlled formation of complex RNA structures like hairpins.

Keywords:

2′,3′‐cyclic phosphate RNA recombination RNase ligation thermodynamic control

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) offers thermodynamic control for molecular assembly.
Enzyme-mediated RNA ligation often results in uncontrolled, heterogeneous mixtures.

Purpose of the Study:

To extend RNA DCC by utilizing RNase T1 for reversible phosphodiester exchange.
To achieve selective and structurally controlled RNA ligation through enzyme catalysis.

Main Methods:

Coupling RNase T1-catalyzed phosphodiester exchange with RNA folding.
Utilizing PAGE, LC-MS, and NMR for analysis.
Investigating the role of loop stability and stem complementarity in directing ligation.

Main Results:

Selective formation of well-defined RNA hairpin products with yields up to 61%.
High-fidelity ligation achieved at low temperatures.
Four distinct RNA oligomers assembled into two hairpins in one pot without cross-ligation.

Conclusions:

RNA DCC is a programmable strategy for equilibrium RNA assembly.
RNase-catalyzed framework enables structure-guided RNA recombination.
Demonstrates an underexplored pathway for ligating folded RNA polymers.