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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.4K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.4K
Translation01:31

Translation

18.2K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
18.2K
Genomics02:02

Genomics

40.9K
Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
40.9K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.3K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.3K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

28.0K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
28.0K
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

9.2K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
9.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes
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A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes

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Translating IBD Genomics into Clinical Practice.

Pranjal Singh1, Mridul Mahajan1, Rohit Garg1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Digestive Diseases and Sciences
|February 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomics is transforming inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care. Genetic testing aids in diagnosing rare monogenic forms and optimizing thiopurine therapy, paving the way for personalized IBD treatment.

Keywords:
Crohn’s diseaseGeneticsMonogenic IBDPharmacogeneticsUlcerative colitis

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Genomic advances offer new insights into inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mechanisms.
  • While adult IBD is polygenic, genetics is key in monogenic forms and pharmacogenetics.
  • Understanding genetic contributions is crucial for evolving IBD management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of genomics in IBD for clinicians.
  • To identify clinical scenarios for genetic testing in IBD.
  • To highlight genomic implications for IBD diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative literature review.
  • Focus on monogenic IBD causes and diagnostics.
  • Examination of therapeutic implications and pharmacogenetics.

Main Results:

  • Over 320 IBD susceptibility loci identified, implicating immune pathways.
  • Rare, high-penetrance mutations found via next-generation sequencing in early-onset/refractory IBD.
  • Pharmacogenetic testing (NUDT15, TPMT) optimizes thiopurine safety.

Conclusions:

  • Genomics is reshaping IBD clinical management.
  • Genetic testing supports individualized treatment for specific IBD cases.
  • Genomic integration promises improved IBD outcomes and personalized medicine.