Omic analysis of the protein profile in digestive tumours, from proteomics to clinical practice

Proteomics has emerged as a key tool in precision medicine, enabling in-depth molecular characterization of digestive tumours. This article outlines a standardised workflow, encompassing sample collection, protein extraction, and unbiased proteomic analysis using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. These approaches allow for the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of targeted therapies. The review also highlights the value of single-cell proteomics to dissect tumour heterogeneity and discusses the use of in vitro and in vivo models to validate therapeutic targets. Additionally, it explores the potential of intraoperative molecular indicators to improve surgical outcomes. Altogether, the integration of proteomics with bioinformatics and artificial intelligence offers new opportunities to translate molecular discoveries into clinical practice, ultimately improving the management and quality of life of patients with digestive tumours.