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Adaptive and Maladaptive Behaviours and Their Cognitive Correlates in Aging Adults With Down Syndrome.

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Spatial abilities in aging adults with Down syndrome.

Yingying Yang1, Romal Bhullar1, Sonia Conde1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|February 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spatial skills like visuomotor integration decline with age in people with Down syndrome (DS). While these abilities can help distinguish cognitive stability from Alzheimer's disease (AD) in DS, they are less effective for diagnosing milder cognitive changes.

Keywords:
Down syndromeagingblock designdementiamild cognitive impairmentspatial abilitiesspatial memoryvisuomotor integration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit an elevated risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Spatial cognitive deficits may signal early-stage AD in people with DS.
  • This study investigates age-related changes in spatial abilities within the DS population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine age effects on visuospatial construction and visuomotor integration in Down syndrome (DS).
  • To determine if spatial tasks can differentiate varying degrees of cognitive decline in DS, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Alzheimer's Biomarkers Consortium-Down Syndrome (ABC-DS) project dataset.
  • Analyzed cognitive measures from 376 DS participants.
  • Assessed visuospatial construction and visuomotor integration performance.

Main Results:

  • Visuomotor integration showed age-related decline in DS, unlike visuospatial construction.
  • Both spatial abilities declined with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression.
  • Visuospatial construction demonstrated superior discrimination between cognitively stable (CS) and AD states compared to visuomotor integration.

Conclusions:

  • Visuomotor integration is more susceptible to aging effects than visuospatial construction in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).
  • Neither spatial ability alone may be sufficient for diagnosing cognitive decline in DS.
  • The Block Design task showed significant potential in differentiating cognitive stability from AD in DS.