Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.6K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
36.6K
Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.7K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.7K
Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

25.2K
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
25.2K
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

8.6K
The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
8.6K
Entropy within the Cell01:22

Entropy within the Cell

13.0K
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
13.0K
Range00:59

Range

14.5K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
14.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Photothermal Coupled Catalytic Water Decontamination and Solar Ammonia Recovery.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Intracellular Proton Enrichment Drives Unified Dual-Cofactor Regeneration for Biohybrid CO<sub>2</sub> Fixation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Coordination-Engineered Interfacial Pathway Partitioning for Electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion and Downstream Upgrading.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Wet Transfer of In Situ Grown Azo-Containing Two-Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework Films for Photoswitchable Electronic Devices.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Spatiotemporal Decoupling of Carbon and Energy Flux Enables Efficient Biomanufacturing of Aviation Fuel Precursors from CO<sub>2</sub>.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Orthogonal relay system for efficient CO-to-ethanol electrosynthesis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Fundamentals, Measurement and Regulation of the Conductance of Single Molecule Junctions.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Quantitative Photoswitching of Spin States in o-Fluoroazobenzene-Loaded Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Cobalt Nanoparticles Confined in Defective Carbon Matrices for Robust Intermittent CO<sub>2</sub> Methanation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Copper(II/III) Redox Couple Enables C─H Methylation via a Radical Mechanism Analogous to SAM Enzymes.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Ring Strain Engineering of Cyclic Ethers for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Bond Length as a Unified Descriptor for Stable Iodine Battery.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.6K

Dynamic Proton Allocation Drives High-Efficiency Nitrate Electroreduction on High-Entropy Alloy Aerogels Across Broad

Huan Zhao1, Dashuai Wang1,2, Nengji Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a dynamic proton strategy for electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia, achieving high efficiencies across a wide range of nitrate concentrations. This breakthrough enhances ammonia yield and offers solutions for wastewater treatment and sustainable chemical synthesis.

Keywords:
Active proton managementNo3RRammonia synthesishigh‐entropy alloywastewater

More Related Videos

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
08:13

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Published on: July 4, 2016

18.4K
Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction
09:28

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Published on: August 31, 2018

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
09:23

Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans

Published on: August 16, 2017

8.6K
Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents
08:13

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Published on: July 4, 2016

18.4K
Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction
09:28

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Published on: August 31, 2018

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia (NO3RR) faces challenges in efficiently handling wide-ranging nitrate concentrations.
  • Dynamic control of active proton availability is critical for optimizing NO3RR performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dynamic proton allocator strategy for adaptive control of proton availability in NO3RR.
  • To enhance ammonia (NH3) yield rates and Faradaic efficiencies across diverse nitrate concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Application of a dynamic proton allocator strategy using high-entropy alloy aerogels.
  • In situ spectroscopic investigations to analyze interfacial water structure and proton availability.
  • Theoretical calculations to elucidate the impact of high-entropy electronic configuration on reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Achieved >90% Faradaic efficiencies for NO3RR over a wide nitrate concentration range (0.01–1.0 M).
  • Demonstrated an order-of-magnitude increase in NH3 yield rate compared to existing catalysts.
  • Identified that high-entropy element distribution modulates interfacial water and optimizes reaction energetics.

Conclusions:

  • Proton management is pivotal for efficient NO3RR across varying nitrate concentrations.
  • The dynamic proton allocator strategy shows significant potential for sustainable ammonia synthesis and wastewater remediation.
  • High-entropy materials offer a promising avenue for optimizing electrochemical processes.