Fabrication and Stimulation Training of Engineered Skeletal Muscle Tissues

The human skeletal muscle system consists of more than six hundred skeletal muscles, which realize complex motor functions through synergistic regulatory mechanisms. The in vitro construction of engineered skeletal muscle tissue (ESMT) is of great scientific value and application significance in the fields of tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, organ-on-a-chip, and biosyncretic robots. However, the functional gap between ESMT and native skeletal muscle tissue (NSMT) limits its further application in these fields. On the basis of the principles of the skeletal muscle microenvironment, researchers propose bionic stimulation training methods, such as mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation, and their co-stimulation, to promote ESMT development. This review summarizes the training enhancement methods of ESMT in recent years. First, it introduces the cross-scale structural and functional properties of skeletal muscle tissue (SMT). It then systematically reviews the mainstream in vitro construction methods of ESMT. Subsequently, the regulatory mechanisms of different stimulation modes on the development of the tissue are discussed. Finally, the current challenges in the field are highlighted, and future perspectives for the development of ESMT are proposed.