Two steps forward, one step back: cohort shifts in cognitive function trajectories in aging European populations

Area of Science:

• Gerontology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Public Health

Background:

• Cognitive function trajectories in older adults are influenced by historical and societal factors.
• Understanding inter-cohort shifts is crucial for public health planning and interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate inter-cohort shifts in age-related cognitive function trajectories among European older adults.
• To identify factors explaining these cohort trends, including education, occupation, marital status, and health.
• To examine regional and gender variations in these cohort patterns.

Main Methods:

• Utilized the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) dataset.
• Employed longitudinal mixed-effects models to analyze cognitive function across cohorts (born 1924-1970).
• Nested longitudinal observations within individuals for robust trajectory estimation.

Main Results:

• Significant cohort differences observed; more recent cohorts exhibit higher cognitive function at equivalent ages.
• Education, occupation, and marital status changes explain 24% (men) and 32% (women) of cohort variation.
• Worsening physical health and behaviors in recent cohorts act as a countervailing force, limiting cognitive gains.

Conclusions:

• Recent European cohorts show improved cognitive function due to educational and occupational advancements.
• However, increasing rates of obesity, diabetes, and comorbidities are mitigating these cognitive benefits.
• Findings present a mixed outlook, highlighting both progress and emerging challenges in older adult cognitive health.