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Occupational autonomy and cognitive function: the moderating role of educational attainment.

Katy Qiuchang Cao¹, Dawn C Carr²

¹College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

|February 15, 2026

Summary

Occupational autonomy protects midlife cognitive function for all education levels. However, only college graduates with high autonomy are protected against cognitive decline after midlife.

Keywords:

Health and retirement study Moderation analysis Occupation information network

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Area of Science:

Gerontology
Occupational Health
Cognitive Science

Background:

Occupational autonomy positively impacts worker health and well-being.
Previous research indicates autonomous jobs are accessible across educational levels.
Limited studies explore occupational autonomy's protective effects on cognitive function, especially for lower education groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between occupational autonomy and cognitive function at midlife.
To examine how occupational autonomy influences cognitive function changes over an 8-year period.
To determine if educational attainment moderates the relationship between occupational autonomy and cognitive function.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) dataset linked with the Health and Retirement Study (HRS-O*NET).
Assessed three domains of occupational autonomy: decision, design, and activity.
Analyzed associations with midlife cognitive function and cognitive changes over 8 years, testing for education moderation.

Main Results:

All three occupational autonomy types were linked to cognitive protection in midlife.
Activity autonomy was significantly associated with cognitive function changes over 8 years.
Autonomy's cognitive benefits were consistent across education levels in midlife, but post-midlife protection against decline was observed only for college graduates.

Conclusions:

Occupational autonomy demonstrates cognitive protective effects.
High occupational autonomy may not fully counteract cognitive decline post-midlife for individuals without a college degree.
Further research is required to identify factors that can mitigate cognitive losses in lower-educated individuals after midlife.