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Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Tissue Engineering
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A Thermoresponsive, Electrically Conductive Bioink Optimized for Electroactive Tissue Engineering and Bioelectronics.

Róisín Byrne1, John Redmond2, Keith D Rochfort3,4

  • 1School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9 D09 E432, Ireland.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|February 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel bioink combining thermoresponsive behavior, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. This advancement enables the creation of advanced 3D constructs for tissue engineering and bioelectronics without post-printing modifications.

Keywords:
3D-bioprintingbiocompatibilityelectrically conductive bioinksmulticomponent hydrogelsthermoresponsive

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Bioelectronics

Background:

  • Developing multifunctional bioinks with thermoresponsive behavior, electrical conductivity, printability, and biocompatibility is crucial for advanced 3D constructs.
  • Existing bioinks often struggle to integrate all these essential properties simultaneously, limiting their application in physiological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate and evaluate novel bioinks integrating thermoresponsive behavior, electrical conductivity, printability, and biocompatibility.
  • To systematically assess hydrogel formulations for optimal performance in 3D construct fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic formulation and evaluation of 12 hydrogel compositions using agarose, gelatin, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).
  • Rheological analysis for shear-thinning properties, print fidelity assessment, and electrical conductivity measurements.
  • Cell viability assays (A549 cells) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • A formulation with 2% agarose, 4% gelatin, 2% HPC, and 0.1% PEDOT:PSS demonstrated optimal balance of properties.
  • Achieved high electrical conductivity (0.5757 S/m) without compromising mechanical properties or biocompatibility.
  • 3D-printed structures exhibited suitable porosity for cell infiltration and molecule transport, with high cell viability.

Conclusions:

  • A reproducible framework for creating multifunctional conductive bioinks was established.
  • The developed bioink successfully integrates thermoresponsive behavior, printability, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility.
  • This advancement supports rapid translation into tissue engineering, biosensing, and bioelectronic applications.