Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Breathing01:05

Breathing

64.7K
The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
64.7K
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

3.3K
Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
3.3K
Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration

2.2K
The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
2.2K
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

10.0K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
10.0K
Nerve Supply of the GI Tract01:27

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

3.7K
The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
The enteric nervous system consists of two major plexuses: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are located within the layers of...
3.7K
Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract01:20

Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

3.6K
The GI tract, from beginning to end, is made up of four continuous tissue layers that adjust their structure according to their specific roles. These layers, from innermost to outermost, are known as the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa, which are continuous with the mesentery.
The mucosa is sometimes called a mucous membrane due to its mucus-secreting features. This membrane is composed of epithelium, which directly interacts with ingested substances, and the lamina propria, a layer...
3.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Machine Learning Aided Kinematic Profiling of Reaching Movements Separates Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 12 and Essential Tremor.

Cerebellum (London, England)·2026
Same author

Modulating cortical inhibition in Functional Gait Disorder - Neurophysiological evidence from low-frequency rTMS.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Spinal motor neuron pools may be partly driven by impulsive common inputs.

The Journal of physiology·2026
Same author

Arm Control and its Recovery after Selective Lesions of Sensorimotor Cortex and the Red Nucleus: A Kinematic Study in Non-Human Primates.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Extent of damage to descending output from cortex rather than to specific cortical regions drives the emergence of flexor synergy in non-human primates.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A Spinal Origin for the Obligate Flexor Synergy in the Nonhuman Primate: Implications for Control of Reaching.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals
12:01

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals

Published on: October 1, 2014

9.2K

Breathing-driven modulation of reticulospinal tract activity.

Ruqayya Thawer1, Stuart N Baker2, Boubker Zaaimi1

  • 1College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.

Experimental Physiology
|February 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Breathing rhythms dynamically modulate reticulospinal tract (RST) excitability. Respiratory transitions, especially during inspiration to expiration, enhance RST activity, offering potential for neurorehabilitation strategies.

Keywords:
StartReact paradigmneurorehabilitationreaction timesrespiratory rhythmsreticulospinal tract

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Developing Parmodulins to Target Protease-Activated Receptors for Inflammation Control
07:13

Author Spotlight: Developing Parmodulins to Target Protease-Activated Receptors for Inflammation Control

Published on: May 24, 2024

994
Electromechanical Assessment of Optogenetically Modulated Cardiomyocyte Activity
12:52

Electromechanical Assessment of Optogenetically Modulated Cardiomyocyte Activity

Published on: March 5, 2020

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals
12:01

Acute Dissociation of Lamprey Reticulospinal Axons to Enable Recording from the Release Face Membrane of Individual Functional Presynaptic Terminals

Published on: October 1, 2014

9.2K
Author Spotlight: Developing Parmodulins to Target Protease-Activated Receptors for Inflammation Control
07:13

Author Spotlight: Developing Parmodulins to Target Protease-Activated Receptors for Inflammation Control

Published on: May 24, 2024

994
Electromechanical Assessment of Optogenetically Modulated Cardiomyocyte Activity
12:52

Electromechanical Assessment of Optogenetically Modulated Cardiomyocyte Activity

Published on: March 5, 2020

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Breathing rhythms influence brain activity.
  • The reticulospinal tract (RST) is crucial for motor control and post-stroke recovery.
  • The impact of breathing on RST excitability is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how respiratory rhythms modulate RST excitability during motor tasks.
  • To examine the effect of different sensory conditions (visual, auditory, startling) on RST modulation.
  • To identify specific respiratory phases that influence RST activity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the StartReact paradigm in 13 healthy adults.
  • Measured reaction times in three arm muscles (first dorsal interosseous, flexor digitorum superficialis, biceps).
  • Assessed reaction times under visual, visual-auditory, and startling conditions, correlating with respiratory phases.

Main Results:

  • Reaction times significantly decreased with increasing sensory complexity (visual to startling).
  • RST excitability was significantly enhanced during respiratory phase transitions (inspiration to expiration).
  • StartReact effects were significantly stronger during respiratory transitions than mid-phases (P <= 0.011).

Conclusions:

  • Respiratory rhythms dynamically modulate RST excitability in a phase- and condition-specific manner.
  • Respiratory transition phases represent optimal periods for RST activation.
  • Findings suggest potential for respiratory-phase-aligned stimulation in neurorehabilitation to improve motor recovery after corticospinal lesions.