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Pre-Participation Reaction Time and Concussion Risk among Middle School Female Soccer Players.

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|February 15, 2026
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Summary

Contrary to hypotheses, slower pre-participation reaction time (RT) in female soccer players was linked to lower concussion odds. Prior concussion history remains the strongest predictor of future concussions in this age group.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Concussion is a common injury in female soccer players.
  • Pre-participation neurocognitive testing, including reaction time (RT), is used to assess athletes.
  • The relationship between baseline RT and subsequent concussion risk is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if slower pre-participation reaction time (RT) is associated with higher odds of concussion in middle school female soccer players.
  • To investigate the predictive value of baseline RT for concussion incidence.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study analyzed pre-participation neurocognitive data (ImPACT) from 2489 female soccer players aged 10-14.
  • Composite RT scores were compared between athletes who did and did not sustain a concussion in the following year.
  • Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between RT and subsequent concussion, adjusting for covariates.

Main Results:

  • A total of 226 (9.1%) athletes sustained a concussion.
  • Initially, athletes with subsequent concussions showed faster RT.
  • After adjustment, slower RT was associated with lower odds of concussion (OR=0.997 per 10ms increase).
  • Prior concussion history was a significant predictor of subsequent concussion (OR=2.48).

Conclusions:

  • Slower pre-participation reaction time was unexpectedly associated with lower concussion odds.
  • A 10-millisecond increase in RT correlated with a 3% decrease in concussion odds.
  • Prior concussion history was the most significant predictor of future concussions, aligning with previous research.