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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

Complex Visual Hallucinations in Post-stroke Epilepsy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Shugo Fujita¹, Genko Oyama¹, Hitoshi Kawasaki¹

¹Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Japan.

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

|February 15, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Complex visual hallucinations (CVH) in post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) may stem from epileptic activity in visual memory areas. Early recognition of CVH in PSE can prevent misdiagnosis and ensure proper treatment.

Keywords:

complex visual hallucination epilepsy stroke visual memory visual retention

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Epileptology
Neuroscience

Background:

Post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) is a common complication following cerebrovascular accidents.
Complex visual hallucinations (CVH) are an unusual but significant neurological symptom.
Understanding the neurobiological basis of CVH in PSE is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of PSE presenting with persistent CVH.
To explore the potential link between epileptic activity in specific brain regions and CVH.
To highlight the importance of recognizing CVH as a PSE manifestation.

Main Methods:

Case report of an 82-year-old male with PSE and CVH.
Electroencephalography (EEG) to identify epileptic discharges.
Literature review on CVH in the context of epilepsy.

Main Results:

The patient experienced persistent CVH involving past episodic scenes.
EEG showed epileptic discharges in the right posterior temporal and parietal regions.
Symptoms resolved with levetiracetam and were maintained with zonisamide.

Conclusions:

CVH in PSE may arise from epileptic activity spreading to non-dominant temporal or parietal regions.
CVH could represent visual memory recall and be associated with psychiatric symptoms.
Recognizing CVH in PSE aids in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, avoiding misdiagnosis.