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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Correction: ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2026: Early markers of mechanical modulation in whole bovine intervertebral discs loaded in a multiaxial bioreactor.

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A multifactorial intervertebral disc degeneration model: Integrating inflammation, structural disruption, biomechanical parameters, and neural sensitization.

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Optimization and comparison of different methods for assessing cell viability in intervertebral disc organ cultures.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Imaging Cell Viability on Non-transparent Scaffolds — Using the Example of a Novel Knitted Titanium Implant
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Exploring Injectable Scaffolded Spheroids for Nucleus Pulposus Therapy in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs.

Rathina Vel Balasubramanian1,2, Marcia Muerner3,4, Oliver Kopinski-Grünwald1,2

  • 13D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1040, Austria.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Scaffolded spheroids (S-SPH) enhance cell survival and function for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) therapy. These injectable tissue blocks show promise for nucleus pulposus regeneration.

Keywords:
high-resolution 3D printinghuman bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem sellsintervertebral disc degenerationmicroscaffoldscaffolded spheroidstissue engineeringtwo-photon polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) poses challenges for cell-based therapies due to shear stress and poor cell survival.
  • Existing treatments struggle with cell damage during injection and harsh disc microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop injectable scaffolded spheroids (S-SPH) for enhanced cell delivery and nucleus pulposus (NP) regeneration.
  • To overcome limitations of cell-based therapies for IVDD.

Main Methods:

  • Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) spheroids were integrated into 3D-printed microscaffolds (MS).
  • Optimized cell seeding density and MS parameters were used.
  • NP-like differentiation was induced using GDF5 under simulated in vivo conditions (normoxic/hypoxic, low glucose).

Main Results:

  • S-SPH maintained high cell viability and produced abundant extracellular matrix.
  • Key NP markers (ACAN, KRT18, HIF1α) were upregulated, indicating successful differentiation.
  • S-SPH exhibited improved compressive properties, retained structural integrity, and survived injection through a 26G needle.

Conclusions:

  • Scaffolded spheroids (S-SPH) offer a promising in vitro strategy for NP regeneration.
  • S-SPH demonstrate potential for IVDD therapy, warranting further preclinical investigation.