The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Progress in Glomus Tumor

Glomus tumor (GT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm presumed to originate from the neuromyoarterial glomus body. Its pathogenesis is complex and involves alterations in multiple genes and signaling pathways. In the era of precision medicine, increased molecular research has begun to elucidate the oncogenic drivers of GT, offering novel potential directions for targeted treatment strategies.

This article provides a focused narrative review, synthesizing recent peer-reviewed literature on the molecular genetics and clinical management of GT. Key findings from genetic studies, preclinical models, and clinical reports from recent years are summarized and analyzed.

Molecular studies have identified recurrent genetic alterations underpinning GT pathogenesis. Key discoveries include frequent inactivating mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to constitutive RAS/MAPK pathway activation, and recurrent "MIR143-NOTCH" gene fusions disrupting Notch signaling and so on. These drivers present potential therapeutic targets. While complete surgical excision remains the standard curative treatment for localized disease, molecular insights have spurred investigation into targeted agents, including MEK inhibitors for NF1-deficient tumors and immunotherapy. Such systemic therapies are particularly relevant for multifocal, metastatic, or surgically challenging cases.

The integration of molecular profiling is refining the understanding of GT biology and expanding its therapeutic landscape. Moving beyond traditional surgery, the identification of targetable genetic alterations paves the way for personalized medicine approaches. Future efforts should focus on validating biomarkers in clinical trials to establish effective targeted therapies, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with complex or advanced GTs.