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Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

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Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

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Published on: April 19, 2018

Rheo-Impedance Measurements of Lamellar-Vesicular Phase-Transition Behavior.

Isao Shitanda^1,2, Ryo Kotsubo¹, Chihiro Hashiba¹

¹Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.

|February 16, 2026

Summary

This study introduces rheo-impedance to track surfactant phase transitions, revealing structural changes and ionic transport. It offers new insights for designing dispersions and drug delivery systems.

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Area of Science:

Colloid and Surface Science
Physical Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Nonionic surfactants undergo phase transitions in aqueous solutions, crucial for applications like drug delivery.
Conventional methods like SALS lack insight into internal electrical properties during these transitions.
Understanding these properties is key to optimizing surfactant-based systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the lamellar-to-vesicular phase transition of nonionic surfactants (BL-4.2 and BL-4SY) under shear flow.
To explore the internal electrical properties during these transitions using a novel rheo-impedance technique.
To correlate rheological and impedance data with structural changes observed via SALS.

Main Methods:

Developed and applied a rheo-impedance technique to simultaneously measure viscosity and electrochemical impedance.
Induce phase transitions using shear flow in concentrated aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants.
Compared rheo-impedance results with small-angle light scattering (SALS) observations.

Main Results:

BL-4.2 transitioned from lamellar to vesicles and then collapsed; BL-4SY formed stable vesicles.
Rheo-impedance showed decreased resistance (1050 to 520 Ω) during vesicle formation, correlating with viscosity increase (0.6 to 1.5 Pa·s).
Sulfate ions at low concentrations showed partial ion-trapping, increasing resistance, unlike KCl.

Conclusions:

Rheo-impedance analysis effectively characterizes structural evolution and ionic transport during surfactant phase transitions.
Findings provide new insights for designing and evaluating surfactant dispersions and drug delivery systems.
The technique offers a valuable tool for understanding complex fluid behavior in soft matter systems.