Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

1.8K
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

FcRn-Targeted Alpha Therapy Using [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-Macropa-Rozanolixizumab Enables Potent Antitumor Activity.

Molecular imaging and biology·2026
Same author

Technetium-99m Radiolabeled Carboplatin Polymeric Nanoparticles for Imaging and Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Current medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Lipoxin A4 (LXA<sub>4</sub>) versus Nanolipoxin A4 (Nano-LXA<sub>4</sub>) for osteosarcoma.

European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V·2026
Same author

IGF2R-Targeted Alpha Therapy of Osteosarcoma Enabled by Conjugated [<sup>225</sup>Ac]Ac-Macropa-PEG<sub>4</sub>-IF3.

Bioconjugate chemistry·2026
Same author

Nanoceria as an Innovative Therapy for Endometriosis: Impact on Lesion Reduction and Therapeutic Optimization.

Current medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Antitumor and Antimicrobial Photobiological Activity of Nanocarrier Containing Photosensitizer and Magnetic Nanoparticle.

Current issues in molecular biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
18:46

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

13.7K

Optimized Milling Approaches for Scalable Production of Ritonavir Nanocrystals: from Process Design to Bioperformance

Marcelo Henrique da Cunha Chaves1,2, Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior1, Michelle Alvares Sarcinelli1

  • 1Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil.

ACS Omega
|February 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ritonavir nanocrystals were developed using milling and spray-drying, significantly improving drug dissolution. This scalable nanoformulation strategy enhances the delivery of poorly soluble drugs.

More Related Videos

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
06:57

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation

Published on: August 11, 2018

8.4K
Production of siRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles using a Microfluidic Device
06:02

Production of siRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles using a Microfluidic Device

Published on: March 22, 2022

10.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
18:46

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

13.7K
Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
06:57

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation

Published on: August 11, 2018

8.4K
Production of siRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles using a Microfluidic Device
06:02

Production of siRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles using a Microfluidic Device

Published on: March 22, 2022

10.6K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Conventional drug formulations often face biopharmaceutical limitations like poor solubility and bioavailability.
  • Nanoformulations offer a strategy to enhance drug properties by reducing particle size to the nanometric scale.
  • Ritonavir, a key antiviral drug, can benefit from improved delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize ritonavir nanocrystals using experimental milling techniques.
  • To optimize the nanoformulation process for scalability and physical stability.
  • To evaluate the dissolution, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetic profiles of ritonavir nanocrystals.

Main Methods:

  • Small-scale preparation using Ultra-Turrax and bead milling for particle size reduction.
  • Scale-up using a bead mill and subsequent spray-drying of ritonavir nanosuspensions.
  • Solid-state characterization (XRD, TGA, DSC) to confirm crystal form.
  • Dissolution studies in a discriminative medium.
  • [99mTc] radiolabeling for biodistribution and pharmacokinetic analysis.
  • Biochemical analyses to assess formulation-dependent effects.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ritonavir nanocrystals of approximately 300 nm via optimized bead milling and spray-drying.
  • Confirmed retention of Ritonavir Form II throughout the nano-processing.
  • Demonstrated significantly improved dissolution rates for nanocrystals compared to nanosuspensions.
  • Biodistribution studies showed distinct cardiac distribution differences between nanocrystals and nanosuspensions.
  • Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a transient peak in blood levels for nanocrystals.
  • Biochemical analyses indicated formulation-dependent hepatic and metabolic alterations.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized milling and spray-drying provide a scalable method for producing stable ritonavir nanocrystals.
  • Ritonavir nanocrystals exhibit enhanced dissolution, offering improved drug performance.
  • The nanoformulation strategy is promising for enhancing the delivery of Class II or IV drugs.
  • Further investigation into formulation-dependent biochemical effects is warranted.