Simulation-based training for fascial plane blocks: A scoping review mapped to the Kirkpatrick evaluation framework

Area of Science:

• Medical Education
• Anesthesiology
• Ultrasound-Guided Procedures

Background:

• Fascial plane blocks are key in multimodal analgesia, with ultrasound enhancing precision and safety.
• Simulation-based training (SBT) shows promise for improving procedural skills in these blocks.
• Current evidence linking SBT to patient-level outcomes remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a scoping review of evidence on the impact of SBT for fascial plane blocks.
• To map reported outcomes to the Kirkpatrick (KP) evaluation framework.
• To identify gaps in the current evidence base.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature search following PRISMA-ScR guidelines across major databases.
• Inclusion of pre-/post-interventional studies involving healthcare professionals in SBT for fascial plane blocks.
• Data extraction on training methods, block types, assessment tools, and outcomes.

Main Results:

• Fourteen studies with 458 participants were included, primarily using combined didactic, video, and simulation methods.
• Most studies assessed lower Kirkpatrick levels (confidence, knowledge, immediate simulated/clinical performance).
• Long-term follow-up and patient-centered outcomes (complications, satisfaction) were rarely evaluated.

Conclusions:

• SBT for fascial plane blocks effectively enhances immediate learner outcomes and confidence.
• There is a significant need for research evaluating higher Kirkpatrick levels, including long-term patient outcomes and system-level impacts.
• Future studies should utilize validated tools and isolate simulation's effect to determine its true clinical value.