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Influenza infection alters host gene expression in children. Vaccination helps mitigate illness severity by modulating immune responses, aligning vaccinated children

Keywords:
influenzaseveritytranscriptomicsvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genomics
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Understanding host responses to severe influenza and the impact of vaccination in children is crucial.
  • Current knowledge gaps exist regarding the specific pathways involved in influenza disease progression and vaccine efficacy in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate host gene expression and cytokine profiles in children hospitalized with influenza.
  • To compare these profiles between infected children and healthy controls, and between severe and non-severe cases.
  • To analyze the impact of influenza vaccination on host responses and illness severity in children.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational case-control study of children (2-18 years) with confirmed influenza.
  • Comparison of blood transcriptome and plasma cytokine profiles between influenza cases and healthy controls.
  • Analysis of gene expression differences based on disease severity and vaccination status.

Main Results:

  • Influenza infection significantly altered gene expression in 5277 genes, primarily related to interferon and innate inflammatory responses.
  • Vaccinated children showed distinct gene expression patterns, with upregulated B-cell and neutrophil responses, resembling uninfected controls.
  • 102 differentially expressed genes were identified between vaccinated and unvaccinated influenza cases, indicating vaccine-induced immune modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Influenza infection profoundly impacts the host transcriptome in children.
  • Vaccination appears to mitigate influenza severity by altering host gene expression profiles towards a less inflammatory state.
  • These findings highlight the role of host response pathways in influenza pathogenesis and vaccine effectiveness.