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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

Interneuron and glial mechanisms underlying V1 orientation map dynamics.

Lewen Zhao^1,2, Xingyuan Liu², De-Hua Wu³

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Songjiang Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600 China.

IBRO Neuroscience Reports

|February 16, 2026

Summary

Inhibitory interneurons and glial cells are crucial for organizing visual cortex maps. Their interactions shape neural circuits, enabling lifelong learning and sensory representation flexibility.

Keywords:

Experience-dependent plasticity Neurodevelopment Neuron-glial Interaction Orientation Column Orientation Selectivity Map Visual Cortex

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Last Updated: Feb 17, 2026

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Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Published on: September 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cortical Circuitry
Sensory Map Development

Background:

Orientation selectivity maps (OS maps) in the primary visual cortex (V1) reveal rules of cortical organization.
Map maturation and plasticity rely on mechanisms beyond excitatory connections, involving inhibitory interneurons and glial cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize emerging insights into the roles of inhibitory networks and glial-neuron interactions in V1 map formation and remodeling.
To provide a cellular framework for understanding the construction and flexibility of cortical sensory representations.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advances in understanding inhibitory interneuron and glial cell functions in V1.
Synthesis of findings on cellular mechanisms governing map assembly, stabilization, and plasticity.

Main Results:

Inhibitory interneurons regulate excitatory-inhibitory balance, stabilize responses, and gate plasticity.
Astrocytes modulate excitability and refinement via synaptic signaling and homeostasis.
Microglia influence map maintenance through activity-dependent remodeling.

Conclusions:

Joint orchestration by inhibitory networks and glial-neuron crosstalk is essential for V1 orientation map formation and experience-dependent remodeling.
Understanding these cellular interactions provides a framework for cortical representation flexibility.