Aflatoxin detection in pistachio nuts: conventional methods, emerging technologies, and critical insights

Area of Science:

• Food Science
• Agricultural Technology
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Aflatoxins produced by *Aspergillus flavus* and *Aspergillus parasiticus* contaminate pistachios, posing carcinogenic risks and impacting global trade.
• Traditional detection methods (HPLC, ELISA) are precise but costly, destructive, and unsuitable for smallholder farmers.
• Regulatory limits, like the EU's 8 µg/kg for AFB1, present challenges for pistachio producers.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review traditional and emerging aflatoxin detection methods for pistachios.
• To evaluate the potential of nondestructive technologies, particularly Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) coupled with machine learning.
• To identify challenges and propose solutions for improving aflatoxin detection and management in pistachio production.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on aflatoxin detection in pistachios.
• Analysis of traditional methods (HPLC, ELISA) and their limitations.
• Examination of emerging nondestructive technologies, focusing on Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) and machine learning integration.

Main Results:

• Traditional methods are accurate but expensive and destructive.
• HSI combined with machine learning offers rapid, nondestructive detection potential.
• Current HSI methods may lack the precision for validated quantitative regression at low regulatory limits (e.g., EU's 8 µg/kg AFB1).
• High implementation costs, lack of regulatory guidance, and calibration issues impede HSI adoption.

Conclusions:

• Nondestructive technologies like HSI hold promise for aflatoxin detection in pistachios but require further development for regulatory compliance at low levels.
• Addressing cost, standardization, and calibration is crucial for wider adoption, especially by smallholder farmers.
• Integrating HSI with climate and environmental data can aid in predictive modeling for aflatoxin contamination risks.
• Enhanced global cooperation and accessible technologies are essential for food safety and regulatory adherence in pistachio production.