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Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

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Published on: April 17, 2009

RADIALIS Origin and Expression Suggest Ancestral Function in Female Organs of Seed Plants.

Aniket Sengupta¹, Dianella G Howarth¹

¹Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, USA.

Evolution & Development

|February 16, 2026

Summary

The evolution of plant reproductive structures like seeds involved competitive protein interactions. The RADIALIS gene, crucial for flower and fruit development, likely originated from a DIVARICATA gene duplication event.

Keywords:

DIVARICATA Ginkgo biloba RADIALIS gene expression

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Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

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Area of Science:

Plant evolutionary developmental biology
Molecular evolution of plant reproductive traits

Background:

Competitive protein interactions shape plant morphology.
Ovules/seeds are a key innovation in seed plant evolution.
RADIALIS and DIVARICATA are MYB homologs involved in flower and fruit development.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the evolutionary origins of RADIALIS and DIVARICATA genes.
Understand the role of competitive interactions in plant innovation.
Explore the expression patterns of these genes in gymnosperms.

Main Methods:

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to infer gene duplication history.
Comparative gene expression analysis in Ginkgo biloba.
Molecular evolution analysis to identify gene origin mechanisms.

Main Results:

DIVARICATA genes duplicated twice early in vascular plant evolution, forming three clades (DIV-A, DIV-B, DIV-C).
RADIALIS evolved once from DIV-C at the base of seed plants, likely via a premature stop codon.
RADIALIS genes show high expression in Ginkgo biloba ovules, similar to angiosperm carpels.

Conclusions:

The evolution of the seed habit may be linked to the origin of the RADIALIS gene.
Competitive interactions involving RADIALIS and DIVARICATA likely played a role in plant reproductive innovations.
Gene duplication and modification are key mechanisms driving the evolution of novel plant traits.