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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Geomagnetic Constraints on Millicharged Dark Matter.

Ariel Arza1,2, Yuanlin Gong1,3, Jing Shu4,5,6

  • 1Nanjing Normal University, Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing 210023, China.

Physical Review Letters
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Millicharged dark matter (mDM) generates a magnetic signal detectable via Earth's geomagnetic field. Null results from SuperMAG and SNIPE Hunt collaborations provide stringent constraints on bosonic mDM properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Millicharged particles are theoretical dark matter candidates.
  • Their tiny electromagnetic coupling makes detection challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To constrain the properties of millicharged dark matter (mDM).
  • To explore the use of geomagnetic field interactions for mDM detection.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing null results from SuperMAG and SNIPE Hunt collaborations.
  • Modeling the magnetic signal generated by mDM in Earth's geomagnetic field.

Main Results:

  • Constraining the effective charge of bosonic mDM within a specific mass range (10^-18 to 10^-14 eV).
  • Establishing upper bounds on mDM properties that significantly surpass existing stellar cooling constraints.

Conclusions:

  • The geomagnetic field provides a powerful tool for probing mDM.
  • This method offers superior sensitivity compared to astrophysical observations for certain mDM parameter spaces.