Incorporation of HPV-DNA molecular test into the Brazilian healthcare system

Cervical cancer is a major public health problem and is among the leading causes of female mortality in Brazil, especially in regions with less access to health services. In this context, in 2025 the country began the gradual implementation of the HPV-DNA molecular test in the Unified Health System, considered by the World Health Organization to be a more sensitive and effective primary screening method than conventional cytopathological examination. The objective of this study was to analyze the main political, logistical, and structural challenges involved in the national adoption of this technology, considering aspects of laboratory infrastructure, logistics, financing, professional training, and equity of access. The methodology adopted was based on the documentary analysis of ministerial decrees, technical guides, and official reports. The implementation of this technological innovation began in 15 municipalities in 12 Brazilian states, potentially benefiting approximately seven million women between 25 and 64 years of age annually. The interval between tests, when negative, increases from three to five years, optimizing resources and expanding coverage. However, challenges remain related to expanding laboratory capacity, transporting samples, maintaining diagnostic quality, and women's adherence to the new protocol. In conclusion, the incorporation of the HPV-DNA oncogenic molecular test represents a milestone for cervical cancer screening in Brazil, with the potential to reduce female mortality, provided it is accompanied by sustainable investments in infrastructure, health education, and territorial equity strategies.