Pathophysiologic mechanisms and molecular targets in preeclampsia

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder with significant global maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality.
• Pathogenesis involves two stages: defective early placentation (ischemia/hypoxia) and mid-to-late gestation systemic maternal responses (inflammation, endothelial dysfunction).

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in preeclampsia prediction, therapy, and remaining challenges.
• To highlight the role of multi-omics and liquid biopsy in biomarker discovery.
• To discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting key pathological pathways.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on preeclampsia pathogenesis, biomarkers, and therapeutics.
• Analysis of multi-omics technologies and liquid biopsy applications.
• Examination of emerging treatment strategies including heparin, complement inhibitors, and epigenetic modulators.

Main Results:

• Novel biomarkers for non-invasive early prediction are being discovered through advanced technologies.
• Emerging therapies target angiogenic imbalance, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.
• Significant challenges persist, including disease heterogeneity and limited clinical validation.

Conclusions:

• Future research must focus on precision prediction models and large-scale clinical trials for targeted therapies.
• Comprehensive postpartum follow-up is crucial for managing long-term cardiovascular sequelae.
• Improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment requires addressing current research and clinical gaps.