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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
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An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap
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Cold Protection and Manual Performance Assessment of Aircrew Gloves.

Andrew S Weller, Jonathan W R Boyd

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    |February 16, 2026
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    Military aircrew gloves offer limited cold protection, with dexterity significantly impaired at low temperatures. Even with liners, gloves are only suitable for temperatures above 0°C, necessitating improved cold-weather gear for aircrew.

    Keywords:
    aircrew glovescold protectioncold stressmanual dexterity

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    Area of Science:

    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Human Factors Engineering
    • Thermal Physiology

    Background:

    • Military aircrew in rotary-wing aircraft experience hand cold and dysfunction during cold-weather operations.
    • In-service glove performance requires quantification to inform aircrew advice and procurement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the cold protection and manual performance of in-service gloves under simulated cold-weather flying conditions.
    • To provide data for improving cold-weather gear for military aircrew.

    Main Methods:

    • Eight civilian men participated in a 60-minute thermal test simulating rear crew tasks.
    • Three glove types (Cape leather, Cape + silk liner, Gunner) were tested at five air temperatures (-20 to +20°C).
    • Measures included finger skin temperature, thermal comfort, and bare-hand/gloved manual dexterity.

    Main Results:

    • Cape leather gloves were suitable only down to +10°C.
    • Cape + silk liner and Gunner gloves allowed exposure down to 0°C but caused significant dexterity impairment (56-73%).
    • No correlation was found between finger skin temperature and dexterity performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Current aircrew gloves provide limited cold protection for male aircrew, with significant manual performance trade-offs.
    • Improved glove solutions are needed to balance cold protection and dexterity for both male and female aircrew.
    • Cape leather gloves are suitable for temperatures above +10°C; Gunner gloves down to 0°C with reduced dexterity.