Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Distance Corrections

Distance Corrections

To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...

Leveling Equipment

Leveling Equipment

As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...

$Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling$ 01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.

Adjusting a Traverse

Adjusting a Traverse

In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Chiral Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum on the Verge of the Light Cone.

Nano letters·2026

Same author

Metaceramic enables ultrahigh-temperature record rectification and programmable 3D thermal control.

Science advances·2026

Same author

A less-for-more metamaterial paradigm via Laplace-Helmholtz correspondence.

Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)·2026

Same author

Encoding orbital angular momentum of light in space with optical catastrophes.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Closed-loop high-precision two-photon lithography based on a multiplexed single-cavity dual-comb laser.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Local-nonlocal assisted multifunctional photonic crystals.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Near-exceptional point degeneracy enables multilevel optical memory.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Monolithic manufacturing of an electrically addressable quasi-suspended nanophotonic aperture.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Halide-site-substituting spacer creates quasi-two-dimensional perovskites for vapour-deposited light-emitting diodes.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Nanoscale amorphization of poly(triarylamine) for efficient and stable inverted perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Bridging nanotechnology and mechanobiology.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

Same journal

Coherent 2D/3D van der Waals epitaxy enables single-crystal perovskite heterostructures.

Nature nanotechnology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Spatial light modulator via optically addressed metasurface.

Xuhao Fan^1,2, Wei Xiong^3,4, Ke Xu¹

¹Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Nature Nanotechnology

|February 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel optically addressed metasurface spatial light modulator (SLM) achieves high pixel density and fast refresh rates, enabling true holography. This breakthrough meets critical thresholds for advanced holographic displays and augmented reality applications.

More Related Videos

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces

Published on: June 7, 2019

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Dynamic wavefront modulation is crucial for holographic displays, AR/VR, and LiDAR.
Existing spatial light modulators (SLMs) lack the required pixel density and refresh rates.
Metasurface and liquid-crystal SLMs have limitations in spatiotemporal product density, field of view, and refresh rate.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel spatial light modulator (SLM) that overcomes the limitations of current technologies.
To achieve high spatiotemporal product density for true holography.
To enable real-time complex-amplitude holography and advanced optical functionalities.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of an optically addressed metasurface SLM using independently tunable meta-atom supercells with a 756 nm pitch.
Integration of submicrometre scale pixels for enhanced performance.
Characterization of the device for holographic performance, focusing, and beam steering capabilities.

Main Results:

Achieved a spatiotemporal product density of 2.3 × 10¹² pixels s^-1 cm^-2, meeting the threshold for true holography.
Reduced SLM pixel size to the submicrometre scale.
Demonstrated real-time complex-amplitude holography, 3D focusing, and beam steering over a ±20.6° field of view in the visible spectrum.

Conclusions:

The developed optically addressed metasurface SLM significantly advances spatial light modulation technology.
This device meets the demanding requirements for next-generation holographic displays, AR/VR, and LiDAR.
The high spatiotemporal product density and versatile functionalities pave the way for new optical applications.