Endocannabinoids in Saliva: Origins, Significance, and Research Directions

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Biochemistry
• Physiology

Background:

• The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is crucial for regulating physiological and psychological processes.
• Dysregulation of the ECS is linked to various pathological conditions, making its components therapeutic targets.
• Current research often uses blood endocannabinoid levels, but blood collection is invasive and can alter ECS activity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the literature on measuring endocannabinoid ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in human saliva.
• To explore the origin and significance of salivary AEA and 2-AG.
• To evaluate saliva as a non-invasive matrix for assessing ECS activity.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing scientific literature.
• Focus on studies measuring AEA and 2-AG in human saliva.
• Analysis of factors influencing salivary endocannabinoid levels.

Main Results:

• Salivary AEA and 2-AG levels are dynamic and change in response to physiological challenges like stress and exercise.
• Salivary endocannabinoid profiles can indicate long-term metabolic status.
• Distinct salivary endocannabinoid patterns differentiate patients with orofacial pain from healthy individuals.

Conclusions:

• Salivary endocannabinoids provide insights into both acute and chronic ECS activity.
• Saliva represents a promising non-invasive tool for evaluating ECS function.
• Further research is needed to understand oral cavity mechanisms for precise interpretation of salivary endocannabinoid measurements.