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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata02:04

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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring
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Cell-specific transcriptomics and knockout reveal aquaporin function in grass stomatal movements.

Lei Ding1, Maxime J Laurent1, Sylvain Legay2

  • 1Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

The New Phytologist
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Maize guard cells (GCs) and subsidiary cells (SCs) show distinct gene expression patterns. Knocking out ZmPIP1 aquaporins in GCs enhances stomatal opening, especially under water stress.

Keywords:
RNA‐seqaquaporinscell‐specific knockoutguard cellsmaizephylogenetic analysisstomatal movementsubsidiary cells

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Grass stomatal movement relies on a unique four-celled structure involving guard cells (GCs) and subsidiary cells (SCs).
  • The molecular mechanisms governing cell-to-cell interactions within this structure remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression, including aquaporins (AQPs), in maize GCs and SCs.
  • To elucidate the roles of specific aquaporins, ZmPIP1s, in stomatal regulation using a CRISPR-based knockout system.

Main Methods:

  • RNA sequencing of microdissected GCs and SCs from maize epidermis at day and night.
  • CRISPR-based tissue-specific knockout of ZmPIP1 genes in GCs or SCs.
  • Transcriptomic analysis and phenotypic evaluation of knockout mutants under varying water conditions.

Main Results:

  • Significant transcriptomic differences were observed between GCs and SCs, with SCs enriched in lipid metabolism genes and GCs in photosynthesis-related genes.
  • Several aquaporin (AQP) genes exhibited spatial and temporal expression variations.
  • Knockout of ZmPIP1s in GCs led to increased stomatal opening, particularly under mild water deficit.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct transcriptomic profiles exist between maize GCs and SCs, offering insights into grass stomatal regulation.
  • ZmPIP1 aquaporins play a crucial role in regulating stomatal movement in maize.