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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Engineering Oxygen Vacancy Distribution for Enhanced Structural Stability in Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Oxide

Dongye Liu¹, Yin Zhao¹, Linyao Dong¹

¹Institute of Science and Technology for New Energy, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|February 17, 2026

Summary

Controlling the oxygen/nitrogen ratio during sintering stabilizes lithium-rich manganese-based oxides (LRMOs). This strategy enhances lattice oxygen stability, significantly improving battery performance and capacity retention for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Keywords:

Electrochemical performance Lattice oxygen Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides Oxygen vacancy Sintering atmosphere

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides (LRMOs) offer high specific capacities (>250 mAh g^-1) for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
Oxygen evolution during battery cycling causes structural instability and capacity fade in LRMOs.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the structural stability and electrochemical performance of LRMOs.
To reduce bulk oxygen vacancy content and improve lattice oxygen stability through controlled sintering atmospheres.

Main Methods:

Atmosphere-controlled sintering using varying oxygen/nitrogen (O₂/N₂) ratios.
Electrochemical cycling tests to evaluate capacity retention and rate capability.
Structural characterization to analyze oxygen vacancy content and lattice stability.

Main Results:

The O50 sample (50%O₂/50%N₂ sintering) retained 96.7% capacity after 300 cycles at 1 C (200 mA g^-1).
Exceptional rate capability was observed, with 155.0 mAh g^-1 at 5 C and 133.2 mAh g^-1 at 10 C.
The strategy effectively reduced bulk oxygen vacancies and enhanced lattice oxygen stability.

Conclusions:

Atmosphere-controlled sintering is a simple yet effective method for designing high-performance LRMOs.
This approach simultaneously improves bulk oxygen stability and surface oxygen vacancy generation.
Optimized LRMOs show significant potential for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries.