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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement for Detecting and Characterizing Self-Associations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
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Incorporating the BEST methodology in experiments for measuring paramagnetic relaxation enhancements.

Nikolaus M Loening1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA. loening@lclark.edu.

Journal of Biomolecular NMR
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Band-selective excitation short-transient (BEST) sequences enhance protein NMR sensitivity. This study integrates BEST methodology into experiments measuring proton transverse relaxation rates (1H R2) for paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs), improving accuracy and speed.

Keywords:
BESTHSQCParamagnetic relaxation enhancementTROSYTransverse relaxation

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Band-selective excitation short-transient (BEST) sequences are crucial for protein NMR, enhancing sensitivity in experiments starting with amide proton magnetization.
  • BEST methodology optimizes amide proton longitudinal relaxation, enabling greater sensitivity with shorter scan times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the integration of BEST methodology into sequences for measuring proton transverse relaxation rates (1H R2).
  • To evaluate the utility of BEST-based experiments for determining paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs).

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of BEST methodology into standard HSQC and TROSY pulse sequences.
  • Development of BEST-HSQC-PRE and BEST-TROSY-PRE experiments for measuring 1H R2 relaxation rates.

Main Results:

  • BEST methodology can be effectively applied to measure 1H R2 relaxation rates for PRE determination.
  • BEST-HSQC-PRE and BEST-TROSY-PRE experiments show comparable or improved sensitivity for PRE measurements.
  • These new experiments provide accurate measurements of transverse relaxation rates and PREs.

Conclusions:

  • BEST methodology offers a valuable enhancement for protein NMR experiments measuring PREs.
  • The developed BEST-based experiments allow for shorter scan times without compromising data quality or accuracy.
  • This advancement facilitates more efficient structural and dynamic studies of proteins using NMR.