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Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Understanding and Combatting Shigella Infections
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Genetic Exchanges Shape the Evolutionary Diversification Among Shigella phages.

Joyeeta Chatterjee1, Pratanu Kayet1, Manisha Ghosh1

  • 1Division of Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections, 700010, Kolkata, India.

Journal of Molecular Evolution
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shigella bacteriophages carry genes for virulence and antibiotic resistance. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) drives bacterial evolution, and understanding phage genomics is key to combating infectious diseases.

Keywords:
Ancestral geneGenetic exchangeHorizontal gene transferHost range expansionSimilarity networkWeighted gene repertoire relatedness

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Genomics
  • Bacterial Evolution and Genetics

Background:

  • Shigella bacteria cause infectious diarrhea (shigellosis).
  • Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, play a crucial role in bacterial evolution by transferring genes.
  • Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) are significant drivers of bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive genomic analysis of Shigella bacteriophages.
  • To investigate the role of HGT in shaping phage genomes and bacterial fitness.
  • To understand evolutionary constraints and host-range expansion in Shigella phages.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and application of the weighted gene repertoire relatedness (wGRR) metric.
  • Association of genetic exchanges with infecting host species and phage lifestyles.
  • Analysis of the impact of HGT on gene GC content and amino acid usage.

Main Results:

  • HGT influences gene GC content and amino acid usage in Shigella phages.
  • Host-range expansion was observed in Shigella phages.
  • Shigella phages with dissimilar lifestyles show limited propensity for genetic transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic analysis provides insights into MGEs and HGTs in Shigella phages.
  • HGT significantly impacts phage evolution, bacterial infectivity, and host range.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can enhance phage therapy applications against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.