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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

25
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

26
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
26
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

27
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
27
Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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Predictors of Fatal Anaphylaxis: A Systematic Review.

Raisa Chowdhury1, Roy Khalaf1, Edmond S Chan2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fatal anaphylaxis is predicted by asthma, heart conditions, older age, and delayed epinephrine. Early intervention and improved data are crucial for preventing severe allergic reactions.

Keywords:
AsthmaEpinephrineFatal anaphylaxisGlobal healthPredictorsRisk factorsSystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Fatal anaphylaxis is a rare but severe outcome of allergic reactions.
  • Identifying predictors is crucial for prevention and management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and identify predictors of fatal anaphylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science) up to December 2024.
  • Included observational studies and RCTs; assessed risk of bias using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Main Results:

  • 28 studies from 20 countries met inclusion criteria; mostly retrospective cohort designs.
  • Common triggers: food allergens (peanuts, cow's milk), medications, insect stings.
  • Key predictors: asthma, cardiovascular comorbidities, older age (≥65), delayed epinephrine administration.

Conclusions:

  • Asthma, cardiovascular comorbidities, older age, and delayed epinephrine are key predictors of fatal anaphylaxis.
  • Highlights need for timely intervention, targeted strategies, and improved global data collection.
  • Emphasizes importance of standardized methodologies for future research.