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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

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Economically viable population-based interventions to promote physical activity behavior based on a systematic

Anna-Maiju Leinonen1, Sanna Huikari2, Mikko Kärmeniemi3

  • 1Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, P.O. Box 365, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, IN-90014 Oulu, Finland.

Preventive Medicine
|February 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Population-based physical activity interventions show varied cost-effectiveness. Computer-tailored advice was most viable, but standardized methods are needed for accurate economic evaluations of health promotion programs.

Keywords:
Behavior changeCost-effectiveness analysisHealth promotionInterventionPhysical activity

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Economics
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Physical inactivity poses significant public health and economic challenges.
  • Effective population-based interventions are crucial for promoting physical activity.
  • Evaluating the economic viability of these interventions is essential for resource allocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the cost-effectiveness of population-based physical activity interventions.
  • To identify interventions that successfully promote physical activity behavior using valid measurements.
  • To synthesize findings on the economic impact of different physical activity promotion strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed across five electronic databases in January 2021.
  • Included studies were trial-based economic evaluations assessing physical activity interventions.
  • Results on effect size and cost-effectiveness (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, ICER) were harmonized for comparison.

Main Results:

  • Five studies were included, primarily focusing on print-based interventions.
  • ICER values ranged from $0.15 to $4.14 per metabolic equivalent of task hour gained.
  • Computer-tailored physical activity advice demonstrated the highest economic viability.

Conclusions:

  • Few studies have demonstrated positive physical activity behavior effects alongside cost-effectiveness evaluations at the population level.
  • Accurate cost calculations, high-quality physical activity measurement, and consideration of individual variations are needed for future research.
  • Standardized methodologies are required for consistent and reliable cost-effectiveness assessments of physical activity interventions.