Analytical techniques for laboratory testing of HIV: a systematic review

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Public Health

Background:

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), presents a persistent global health challenge.
• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) effectively suppresses HIV replication but cannot eliminate latent viral reservoirs.
• Early ART initiation is vital for reducing viral reservoirs and enhancing immune responses, improving patient prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the principles, scope, and future prospects of HIV infection detection technologies.
• To provide a reference for developing innovative HIV detection strategies.
• To emphasize the importance of early detection and monitoring for effective HIV management.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing HIV detection technologies based on antigen, antibody, and nucleic acid targets.
• Analysis of the impact of early ART initiation on HIV reservoirs and immune status.
• Evaluation of the role of viral load and reservoir monitoring in assessing treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

• Current detection methods have significantly shortened the detection window period and improved diagnostic accuracy.
• Early detection and diagnosis are critical for timely ART initiation and HIV epidemic control.
• Monitoring viral loads and reservoirs aids in evaluating treatment effectiveness and predicting viral rebound.

Conclusions:

• Advancements in HIV detection technology are essential for timely diagnosis and effective management.
• Early intervention through ART, guided by accurate detection and monitoring, can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with HIV.
• Continued development of novel HIV detection strategies is crucial for combating the global HIV epidemic.